Classification reference
Course resources · class 2 exercise
Use these starting criteria for class 2. Save any revisions with your annotations.
Annotation fields
| Field | What to record |
|---|---|
| Actor | Who moves or is ordered to move; leave blank if unresolved |
| Direction | Up, down, other, or “Defer judgment” |
| Movement judgment | One of the plain-language judgments below, or “Defer judgment” |
| Evidence | Source wording, contextual clues such as commands or negation, and the reason for your judgment |
The worksheet supplies the expression and location. In your own table, copy the expression and record its part (一, 二, or 三) and enough context to locate it.
Event factuality
Event factuality categorizes how a source presents an event. For this exercise, the source is always the narrator; the actor is whoever moves. These criteria adapt three values from FactBank §3.3.3.
| Judgment to enter | Meaning | Code |
|---|---|---|
| Happens / happened | The narrator presents movement as happening | CT+ |
| Does not happen / did not happen | The narrator presents it as not happening | CT- |
| Not stated whether it happens | A command, condition, or other phrasing leaves the event unspecified | Uu |
The codes represent the source’s view, not your confidence. The prefix indicates certainty, and the suffix indicates whether the event is presented as happening.
| Symbol | Meaning |
|---|---|
CT |
certain |
U |
uncertain / uncommitted |
+ |
positive (happens) |
- |
negative (does not happen) |
u |
underspecified |
If you cannot choose a judgment, enter “Defer judgment” and explain why in Evidence. A command or condition can support “Not stated whether it happens”; that is a completed judgment.
For のぼれなくなってしまいました (“became unable to climb”), classify continuing to climb: “up”, “Does not happen / did not happen”. Earlier climbing can still have happened.
下りろ
Source of the judgment: the narrator
Reports what Kandata shouts
Gives the command: Kandata
Shouts 「下りろ。下りろ。」
Actor: the sinners
The ordered descent. Direction “down”; judgment “Not stated whether it happens” (Uu)
How does this relate to other annotation schemes?
- FactBank (Saurí 2008): each source’s certainty and polarity, including nested sources. Our exercise uses only the narrator and three values.
- Extended modality (Matsuyoshi et al. 2011, in Japanese): Japanese event annotations including the source, truth judgment, and hypothetical context. Kamioka et al. (2015) study factuality using this corpus.
- TimeML 1.2.1, standardized as ISO 24617-1: event time, polarity, and modality. BCCWJ-TimeBank applies it to Japanese.
How do FactBank’s certainty and polarity combine?
Each prefix (CT, PR, PS, or U) is one certainty code. The suffix indicates polarity. This grid organizes the values from Roser Saurí (2008), FactBank 1.0 Annotation Guidelines, §3.3.3, Table 1.
| Source’s certainty | Happens + |
Does not happen - |
Polarity unspecified u |
|---|---|---|---|
CT: certain |
CT+ |
CT- |
CTu |
PR: probable |
PR+ |
PR- |
PRu |
PS: possible |
PS+ |
PS- |
PSu |
U: uncertain / uncommitted |
— | — | Uu |
The highlighted values are used in class. Uu means that the source does not know or express a view on whether the event happens.
In the invented example 彼は彼女が登ったかどうかを知っている (“He knows whether she climbed”), 彼 (“he”) knows the answer, but the reader is not told it: CTu.
CTu example: the source is 彼 (he)
The narrator
Reports what he knows
Source of the judgment: 彼 (he)
Knows whether she climbed (CTu)
Actor: 彼女 (she)
Climbs. The text does not tell the reader whether she did
For comparison, 彼は登った (“He climbed”) is CT+; 彼は登ったかもしれない (“He may have climbed”) is PS+.
If you need a probability label or another value outside our three, enter “Defer judgment” and explain the missing distinction in Evidence.
Units and counts
Counting units illustrated: matching lines, string matches, labeled expressions, and events, with the definition of a token.